Gravitational Force Calculator
Calculate the gravitational force between two objects using Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.
Fill in the fields above and click Calculate.
Formula
F = G · m1 · m2 / r²
- F — Gravitational force between the two objects (Newtons, N)
- G — Universal gravitational constant = 6.674 × 10−11 N·m²/kg²
- m1 — Mass of the first object (kilograms, kg)
- m2 — Mass of the second object (kilograms, kg)
- r — Distance between the centers of the two objects (meters, m)
Assumptions & References
- Both objects are treated as point masses (or uniform spheres), so r is measured between their centers of mass.
- The gravitational constant G = 6.674 × 10−11 N·m²/kg² is the 2018 CODATA recommended value (NIST).
- This formula applies in the Newtonian (classical) regime; relativistic corrections (General Relativity) are not included.
- The force is always attractive and acts along the line joining the two centers of mass.
- No shielding or medium effects are considered — gravity propagates unimpeded.
- Reference: Newton, I. (1687). Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica; NIST CODATA 2018.